Turkey, is aparliamentary republic in Eurasia,
largely located in Western Asia, with the smaller portion of Eastern
Thrace in Southeast Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight
countries: Syria and Iraq to the south; Iran, Armenia, and
the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the east; Georgia to
the northeast; Bulgaria to the northwest; and Greece to the
west. The Black Sea is to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to
the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Bosphorus, the Sea
of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish
Straits) demarcate the boundary between Thrace and Anatolia;
they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's
location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of significant
geostrategic importance.
Turkey has been inhabited since the paleolithic age, including
various ancient Anatolian civilizations, Aeolian, Dorian and Ionian Greeks,Thracians, Armenians and Persians.After Alexander
the Great's conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process which continued
under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine
Empire. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the
11th century, starting the process of Turkification, which was greatly
accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of
Manzikert in 1071.The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia
until the Mongol invasion in 1243, upon which it disintegrated into
several small Turkish beyliks.
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